Bone density report

A bone density report (DXA report) is the printout from a DEXA scan, the standard test used to measure bone mineral density. It usually reports results for a few key sites—most often the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck—along with a wrist measurement sometimes added if hip or spine can't be scanned or if there's a reason like hyperparathyroidism.

The core numbers are T-scores and Z-scores. The T-score compares your bone density to a healthy young adult and is what's used to classify normal bone density, osteopenia, or osteoporosis. The Z-score compares you to others your own age and sex, which can flag unusual bone loss that needs further investigation. Some reports also include a Trabecular Bone Score, which estimates bone quality in the spine beyond just density.

When reading your report, it helps to bring it to your doctor so they can interpret the numbers alongside your health history, fall risk, and fracture history. Many clinics also calculate a FRAX score, an estimate of 10-year fracture risk, using your DXA results plus other factors. If you're considering medications or exercise programs, your doctor or a qualified provider should review your full report, including scores at each site, before making recommendations.